Should I Get the Bren Airsoft Gun

Should I Get the Bren Airsoft Gun

American submachine gun

Submachine gun

Thompson Submachine Gun, Caliber .45
Model 1921 Thompson with vertical foregrip and 100 circular Type "C" drum magazine
Type	Submachine gun
Place of origin	United states
Service history
In service	1938–1971 (officially, U.S. military) 1921–present (other countries)
Used by	See Users
Wars	Chaco War Assistant Wars[1] Irish Civil War[ii] Castellammarese War Globe War II[3] Indonesian National Revolution Chinese Civil War[iv] First Indochina War[5] Greek Civil State of war[6] Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 1948 Arab–Israeli War[7] Malayan Emergency[viii] Korean War[3] Algerian War Vietnam War[three] Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation The Troubles[nine] Turkish invasion of Cyprus Yugoslav Wars[10] Iraq War[11] and numerous others
Product history
Designer	John T. Thompson
Designed	1917–1920
Manufacturer	Machine-Ordnance Company (originally) The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited Colt Cruel Arms RPB Industries
Produced	1921–1945
No. congenital	Approximately ane.75 million of all variants,[12] including: 562,511 M1928A1 285,480 M1 539,143 M1A1
Variants	See Variants department
Specifications
Mass	10.8 lb (iv.9 kg) empty (Thompson M1928A1)[thirteen] 10 lb (4.5 kg) empty (Thompson M1A1) [14]
Length	33.7 in (860 mm) (M1928A1 with compensator)[13] 31.9 in (810 mm) (M1/M1A1)[14]
Barrel length	10.52 in (267 mm)[13] 12 in (300 mm) (with Cutts compensator)
Cartridge	.45 ACP (xi.43×23mm) 10mm Automobile (Express quantity of FBI conversions)[xv]
Activeness	Blowback, Blish Lock
Charge per unit of burn down	approx. 700–800rpm (M1928),[xiii] approx. 600-700rpm (M1A1),[14] approx.900 rpm (M1921) approx. 1500 rpm (Annihilator)
Muzzle velocity	935 ft/due south (285 m/due south)
Effective firing range	164 yds (150 m[sixteen])
Feed system	xx-round stick/box magazine 0.4 lb (0.2 kg) unloaded[thirteen] xxx-round stick/box magazine 0.five lb (0.two kg) unloaded[13] l-round drum magazine 2.vi lb (one.two kg) unloaded[thirteen] 100-round pulsate magazine (M1 and M1A1 models do not accept drum magazines)

The Thompson submachine gun (besides known as the "Tommy Gun", "Chicago Typewriter", "Chicago Piano", or "Trench Broom") is a blowback-operated, air-cooled, magazine-fed selective-fire submachine gun, invented past the United States Army Brigadier full general John T. Thompson in 1918. It was originally designed to break the stalemate of trench warfare of World State of war I, but was non finished until later the state of war ended.

The Thompson saw early on utilize by the United States Marine Corps during the Banana Wars,^[17] the United States Postal Inspection Service, the Irish gaelic Republican Army, the Republic of Cathay, and the FBI (post-obit the Kansas Metropolis Massacre).

The Thompson became notorious during the Prohibition era, used as a signature weapon of diverse organized crime syndicates in the United States in the 1920s. It was a mutual sight in the media at the time, and was used by both law enforcement officers and criminals.^[eighteen]

The Thompson was widely adopted by the U.S. military during World War 2, and was used extensively by the Allied troops during the war. It was designated equally the M1928A1, M1 and M1A1 during this fourth dimension. More than 1.v million military Thompson submachine guns were produced during World War II.^[19]

It is the first weapon to be labeled and marketed as a "submachine gun".^[xx]

The original fully automatic Thompsons are no longer produced. Numerous semi-automated civilian versions are still being produced by the manufacturer Auto-Ordnance. These models retain a like appearance to the original, only take various modifications in order to comply with US firearm laws.

History and service [edit]

Brigadier full general John T. Thompson holding an M1921

Evolution [edit]

Brigadier general John T. Thompson was the original programmer of the Thompson submachine gun, who spent most of his career in the ordnance department of the U.S. Regular army. He envisioned information technology every bit being a fully automated rifle in order to supersede the commodities-action service rifles then in use (such every bit the American M1903 Springfield).

Brigadier general Thompson came across a patent issued to the American inventor John Bell Blish in 1915, while searching for a way to allow his weapon to operate safely without the complication of a recoil or gas-operated reloading mechanism. Blish'southward blueprint (then known equally the Blish Lock) was based on the supposed adhesion of inclined metal surfaces under pressure level.^[21] Thompson gained financial backing from the businessman Thomas F. Ryan and proceeded to establish a visitor, which he named the Machine-Ordnance Company, in 1916, for the purpose of developing his new "auto rifle".

The Thompson was primarily adult in Cleveland, Ohio.^[22] Its main designers were Theodore H. Eickhoff, Oscar 5. Payne, and George E. Goll. By belatedly 1917, the limits of the Blish Lock were discovered (which is essentially an farthermost manifestation of static friction), and, rather than the firearm working as a locked breech, the weapon was instead designed to role as a friction-delayed blowback action. It was institute that the only cartridge currently in service suitable for use with the new lock was the .45 ACP. Full general Thompson envisioned a "one-man, hand-held machine gun" chambered in .45 ACP to be used as a "trench broom" for the ongoing trench warfare of World State of war I. Oscar V. Payne designed the new firearm forth with its stick and drum magazines. The project was titled "Annihilator I". Most of the blueprint bug had been resolved past 1918; yet, the war ended two days before prototypes could be shipped to Europe.^[23]

At an Auto-Ordnance board meeting in 1919, in guild to hash out the marketing of the "Annihilator", with the war now over the weapon was officially renamed the "Thompson Submachine Gun". While other weapons had been developed shortly prior with similar objectives in mind, the Thompson was the first weapon to be labeled and marketed as a "submachine gun".^[20] Thompson intended for the weapon to provide a high volume of automatic, man-portable fire for utilise in trench warfare—a role for which the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) had been adamant ill-suited.^[24] The concept had already been developed by German troops using their own Bergmann MP eighteen (the world's kickoff submachine gun) in concert with their Sturmtruppen tactics.^[25]

Early use [edit]

The kickoff Thompson entered production as the M1921. It was bachelor to civilians, but, because of the weapon's high price, initially saw poor sales. The Thompson (with 1 Type XX 20 round "stick" magazine) had been priced at $200 in 1921 (roughly equivalent to $2,902 in 2020).

M1921 Thompsons were sold in modest numbers to the United states of america Postal Inspection Service^[26] so they could protect the mail service from a spate of robberies.^[27] It was also sold to the The states Marine Corps, who used their Thompsons in the Banana Wars.^[28] Thompsons had also been widely used throughout Cathay, where several Chinese warlords and their military machine factions running various parts of the fragmented state fabricated purchases of the weapon, and afterward produced many local copies.

The Thompson saw popularity every bit a point-defense weapon for countering ambushes by Nicaraguan guerrillas (in the Banana Wars) and led to the cosmos of four-human fire teams which had as much firepower as a nine-man rifle team. Federal sales were then followed past sales to police departments in the United states, as well as to various international armies and constabulary forces; importantly in Central and Due south America.^[27]

The major initial complaints apropos the Thompson were its cumbersome weight, its inaccuracy at ranges over 50 yards (46 chiliad), and its lack of penetrating power using the .45 ACP cartridge.^[29]

Some of the offset batches of Thompsons were bought (in America) by agents of the Irish Republic (notably the Irish politician Harry Boland). The commencement test of the Thompson in Ireland was performed past Irish Republican Ground forces unit commander Tom Barry, of the West Cork Brigade, in the presence of IRA leader Michael Collins.^[30] They purchased a total of 653 units, though US customs authorities in New York seized 495 of the units in June 1921. The residuum establish their way to the Irish Republican Army past mode of Liverpool, England, and were used in the last month of the Irish gaelic War of Independence (1919–21).^[31] After a truce with the British in July 1921, the Irish Republican Army imported more units, which were used in the subsequent Irish Civil War (1922–23). The Thompson was not found to be very effective in Ireland; having caused serious casualties in 32 percent of the action in which it was used.^[2]

The Thompson accomplished early on notoriety in the hands of Prohibition and Swell Depression-era gangsters and the lawmen who pursued them. It was too depicted in Hollywood films during this era, most notably regarding the St Valentine'southward Day Massacre. The Thompson guns used in the massacre are still being held by the Berrien County Sheriff'due south Department.^[32] The Thompson has been referred to past i researcher every bit the "gun that made the twenties roar".^{[33] [34]}

In 1926, the Cutts Compensator (a muzzle brake) was offered every bit an attachment option for the Thompson. Models with the compensator were cataloged as No. 21AC, at the original price of $200. The plainly Thompson (without the attachment) was designated No. 21A at a reduced price of $175.^[23]

In 1928, Federal Laboratories took over distribution of the weapon from Thompson's Motorcar Ordnance Corporation.^[35] The new cost was listed every bit $225 per weapon (equivalent to $3,391 in 2020), with $5 per l-circular drum and $3 per 20-round magazine.^[35]

A British soldier equipped with a Thompson M1928 submachine gun (pulsate magazine), Nov 25, 1940

Nationalist Red china acquired a substantial number of Thompson guns for use against Japanese land forces. They began producing copies of the Thompson in small quantities for employ past their armies and militias. In the 1930s, Taiyuan Arsenal (a Chinese weapons manufacturer) produced copies of the Thompson for Yan Xishan, and then warlord of Shanxi province.

The FBI had also acquired Thompsons in 1933 following the Kansas City Massacre.^[35]

Earth War II [edit]

The Prime Minister Winston Churchill inspects a 'Tommy gun' while visiting coastal defence positions near Hartlepool on 31 July 1940

In 1938, the Thompson submachine gun was adopted past the U.S. military and was used during World War II.

There were ii armed services types of Thompson submachine gun:

• The M1928A1, which had provisions for both box and drum magazines, utilized the Cutts muzzle restriction, had cooling fins on the barrel, and employed a delayed blowback action with the charging handle on the top of the receiver.
• The M1 and M1A1, which had provisions for box magazines merely, did not take cooling fins on the barrel, had a simplified rear sight, and employed a straight blowback action with the charging handle on the side of the receiver.

Over 1.five million military Thompson submachine guns were produced during World State of war Ii.^[xix]

Magazine developments [edit]

Military users of the M1928A1 units had complaints of the "L" fifty-round drum magazine. The British Ground forces criticized "the [magazine's] excessive weight, [and] the rattling audio they made" and shipped thousands back to the U.S. in substitution for 20-round box magazines. The Thompson had to be cocked, bolt retracted, ready to fire, in order to attach the drum mag. The pulsate magazine besides fastened and detached past sliding sideways, which made magazine changes wearisome and cumbersome. They also created difficulty when clearing a cartridge malfunction ("jam"). Reloading an empty drum with cartridges was a difficult and involved procedure in which the 50 rounds would be inserted and so the magazine wound up until a minimum of nine to 11 loud "clicks" were heard before seating the magazine into the weapon.

In contrast, the "20" 20-round box mag was calorie-free and compact. It tended not to rattle, and could be inserted with the bolt safely closed. The box mag was chop-chop attached and detached, and was removed downward, making clearing jams easier. The box magazine tripped the bolt open lock when empty, facilitating magazine changes. An empty box was easy to reload with loose rounds. However, users complained that it was express in chapters. In the field, some soldiers would tape 2 "Twenty" magazines together, in what would be known every bit "jungle fashion", to quicken mag changes.^[36]

Two alternatives to the "L" fifty-round drum and "Twenty" 20-circular box magazines were tested December vi, 1941, at Fort Knox, Kentucky. An extended 30-round box magazine and a forty-round magazine, which were made past welding two xx-round magazines face up to confront, jungle style, were tested. The testers considered both superior to either the "20" box or "L" drum. The 30-round box was approved equally the new standard in Dec 1941 to replace the "XX" and "L" magazines.^[37] (The concept of welding ii box magazines face up-to-face was also carried over to the M42 submachine gun.)

M1 evolution [edit]

The staff of Savage Arms looked for means to simplify the M1928A1, and produced a image in Feb 1942, which was tested at Aberdeen Proving Ground in March 1942. Army Ordnance approved adoption (as the M1) in April 1942. M1s were made past Brutal Arms and by Auto-Ordnance. M1s were issued with the thirty-round box magazine and would accept the before 20-circular box, but would not have the drum magazine.^[38]

Gainsay use [edit]

German Fallschirmjäger troops in Tunisia with a captured M1928A1 Thompson submachine gun

The Thompson was used in Globe War Two in the hands of Allied troops as a weapon for scouts, non-commissioned officers (corporal, sergeant, and higher), and patrol leaders, also as commissioned officers, tank crewmen, and soldiers performing raids on High german positions. In the European theater, the gun was widely utilized in British and Canadian commando units, as well as in the U.South. Army paratrooper and Ranger battalions, where it was issued more frequently than in line infantry units considering of its high rate of fire and its stopping ability, which made it very effective in the kinds of close combat these special operations troops were expected to undertake. Military Law were fond of information technology, as were paratroopers, who "borrowed" Thompsons from members of mortar squads for utilise on patrols behind enemy lines.^[39] The gun was prized by those lucky enough to get one and proved itself in the shut street fighting that was encountered frequently during the invasion of France. A Swedish variant of the M1928A1, the Kulsprutepistol thousand/forty (submachine gun, model xl), served in the Swedish Ground forces between 1940 and 1951. Through Lend-Lease, the Soviet Union also received the Thompson, but due to a shortage of appropriate ammunition, its use was not widespread.^[40]

In the Malayan Campaign, the Burma Campaign and the Pacific Theater, Lend-Lease issue Thompsons were used by the British Regular army, Indian Army, Australian Regular army infantry and other Commonwealth forces. They used the Thompson extensively in jungle patrols and ambushes, where it was prized for its firepower, though it was criticized for its hefty weight and poor reliability. Difficulties in supply somewhen led to its replacement in Australian Army units in 1943 past other submachine guns such equally the Owen and Austen, and British forces also largely replaced it with the Sten gun. Thompsons were also given to the Purple Australian Air Force and Regal Australian Navy. New Zealand commando forces initially used Thompsons just switched them for the more than reliable, lighter, and more than authentic Owen during the Solomon Islands and Guadalcanal campaigns.^[41] The U.S. Marines also used the Thompson as a express-issue weapon, specially during their later isle assaults. The Thompson was soon found to have limited effect in heavy jungle cover, where the depression-velocity .45 bullet would not penetrate nearly pocket-sized-diameter trees or protective armor vests. (In 1923, the Army had rejected the .45 Remington–Thompson, which had twice the energy of the .45 ACP).^[42] In the U.S. Army, many Pacific State of war jungle patrols were originally equipped with Thompsons in the early phases of the New Guinea and Guadalcanal campaigns, just soon began employing the Browning Automatic Burglarize in its place equally a bespeak defense weapon.^[43]

The Army introduced the U.Southward. M3 and M3A1 submachine guns in 1943 with plans to produce the latter in numbers sufficient to cancel time to come orders for the Thompson, while gradually withdrawing it from the first-line service. Nonetheless, due to unforeseen production delays and requests for modifications, the M3/M3A1 never replaced the Thompson, and purchases continued until Feb 1944. Though the M3 was considerably cheaper to produce, at the end of World War Ii, the Thompson, with a total wartime production of over ane.5 million, outnumbered the M3/M3A1 submachine guns in service by near three to one.^[19]

After Earth War II [edit]

Two Israeli policemen, armed with Thompsons see a Jordanian legionnaire well-nigh the Mandelbaum Gate c.  1950

Thompson submachine guns were used by both sides during the 1948 Arab-Israeli state of war.^[44] Following the war, Thompsons were issued to members of Israel's aristocracy Unit of measurement 101, upon the germination of that unit in 1953.^[45]

During the Greek Civil State of war, the Thompson submachine gun was used by both sides. The Hellenic Armed services, gendarmerie and constabulary units were equipped with Thompson submachine guns supplied by the British and later in the war by the United States. The opposing Communist fighters of the Autonomous Army of Greece were as well using Thompson submachine guns, either captured from authorities forces or inherited from ELAS. ELAS was the strongest of the resistance forces during the period of Greek Resistance against the Germans and Italians and were supplied with arms from both the British and the United States. After the demobilization of ELAS, an unspecified number of arms were not surrendered to the government but kept hidden, and were later on used by the Democratic Army of Greece.^[46]

The Thompson also found service with the KNIL and the Netherlands Marine Corps during their try to retake their former colony of Indonesia.^[47] Captured examples were later used by Indonesian forces against Dutch forces^{[ commendation needed ]} and during by Indonesian infiltrators during the 1965 Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.^[48]

By the time of the Korean War in 1950, the Thompson had seen much use by the U.Southward. and S Korean military, even though the Thompson had been replaced as standard-outcome by the M3/M3A1. With huge numbers of guns available in army ordnance arsenals, the Thompson remained classed equally Limited Standard or Substitute Standard long afterward the standardization of the M3/M3A1. Many Thompsons were distributed to the Usa-backed Nationalist Chinese armed forces as military aid before the autumn of Chiang Kai-shek'southward government to Mao Zedong'due south communist forces at the stop of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 (Thompsons had already been widely used throughout Prc since the 1920s, at a time when several Chinese warlords and their military factions running various parts of the fragmented country made purchases of the weapon and so subsequently produced many local copies). During the Korean State of war, US troops were surprised to encounter communist Chinese troops armed with Thompsons (among other captured Us-made Nationalist Chinese and American firearms), especially during unexpected night-time assaults which became a prominent Chinese combat tactic in the disharmonize. The gun'south ability to evangelize big quantities of curt-range automatic assault burn proved very useful in both defense force and assault during the early on part of the war when it was constantly mobile and shifting back and forth. Many Chinese Thompsons were captured and placed into service with American soldiers and marines for the remaining period of the war.

The Yugoslav Regular army received 34,000 M1A1 Thompsons during the 1950s as part of a US Military Assist to Yugoslavia Agreement. These guns were used during the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s.^[10]

During the Cuban Revolution, the Thompson submachine gun was used by both Batista'due south army and Fidel Castro's guerrillas. Both the latter and the Brigade 2506 also used some during the bay of Pigs Invasion.^[49]

During the Vietnam War, some South Vietnamese army units and defence force militia were armed with Thompson submachine guns, and a few of these weapons were used by reconnaissance units, advisors, and other American troops. It was partially replaced past the MAC-ten, albeit during Vietnam, the fully automatic fire provided by the M16 made the Thompson less effective than it previously had been. Yet, not only did some U.S. soldiers take utilize of them in Vietnam, they encountered them as well. The Viet Cong liked the weapon and used both captured models as well as manufacturing their own copies in small jungle workshops.^[50]

The Australian authorities destroyed near of their Thompson machine carbines in the 1960s. They shipped their remaining stocks to arm the forces of Lon Nol's Central khmer Democracy in 1975. They were so captured and used by the Khmer Rouge.

In the disharmonize in Northern Ireland, known equally the Troubles (1969–1998), the Thompson was again used by the Irish Republican paramilitaries. Co-ordinate to historian Peter Hart, "The Thompson remained a primal part of both the Official IRA and Provisional IRA arsenals until well into the 1970s when it was superseded past the Armalite and the AK-47."^[nine]

The Thompson was also used by U.South. and overseas law enforcement and police forces, nigh prominently by the FBI. The FBI used Thompsons until they were declared obsolete and ordered destroyed in the early 1970s.^[51]

Collector involvement [edit]

Considering of their quality and adroitness, as well as their gangster-era and WWII connections, Thompsons are sought as collector'due south items. There were fewer than twoscore pre-production prototypes. The Colt Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company in Hartford, Connecticut was contracted by the Auto-Ordnance Corporation to manufacture the initial mass production of 15,000 Thompson Submachine Guns in 1920. An original Colt Model 1921 A or Ac, Model 1927 A or AC, Model 1928 Navy A or Ac, properly registered in working status with original components can easily fetch from US$25,000 to $45,000+ depending on condition and accessories. For WWII, approximately i,700,000 Thompson Submachine Guns were produced by Car-Ordnance and Barbarous Arms, with one,387,134 existence the simplified Globe State of war Two M1 and M1A1 variants (without the Blish lock and oiling organisation^[52]).

A Model 1921A believed to have been endemic by Bonnie and Clyde, simply without historical documentation to substantiate this provenance, sold at auction on Jan 21, 2012, in Kansas City for $130,000.^[53]

Features [edit]

Operating characteristics [edit]

Thompson M1928A1, field stripped

Early versions of the Thompson, the Model 1919, had a fairly high circadian rate of fire, as loftier equally 1,200 rounds per infinitesimal (rpm), with most Model 1921s at 800 rpm. This rate of fire, combined with a rather heavy trigger pull and a stock with an excessive driblet, increases the tendency for the barrel to climb off target in automatic burn down.^{[54] [55]} In 1927, the U.S. Navy ordered 500 Thompsons only requested a lower rate of fire. Thompson requested Payne to develop a method of reducing the cyclic charge per unit of burn. Payne then replaced the actuator with one that was heavier, and replaced the recoil jump with one that was stiffer; the changes reduced the rate of burn from 800 to the 600 rpm of the U.South. Navy Model 1928. Later M1 and M1A1 Thompsons averaged also 600 rpm.^[54] Compared to more modern submachine guns, the Thompson is quite heavy, weighing roughly the same as the gimmicky M1 Garand semi-automated rifle, and requires a lot of cleaning. This was i of the major complaints about the weapon past U.S. Army personnel to whom it was issued.^[29]

Thompson 1921, field stripped

Although the pulsate magazine provided significant firepower, in war machine service it was establish to be overly heavy and bulky, especially when slung on the shoulder while marching.^[55] The M1928A1 Thompson drum magazine was rather fragile, and cartridges tended to rattle inside information technology, producing unwanted racket.^[56] For these reasons, the 20-round and later 30-round box magazines soon proved most popular with military users of the M1928A1, and drum compatibility was non included in the design of the wartime M1 and M1A1 models. The Thompson was 1 of the earliest submachine guns to comprise a double-column, staggered-feed box magazine design, which undoubtedly contributed to the gun'south reputation for reliability. In addition, the gun performed better than most after exposure to pelting, dirt, and mud.^[29]

The selective-fire (semi or fully automatic) Thompson fires from the "open up bolt" position, in which the bolt is held fully to rearward by the sear when cocked. When the trigger is depressed, the bolt is released, traveling frontwards to sleeping room and simultaneously burn down the offset and subsequent rounds until either the trigger is released or the ammunition is wearied. This eliminates the risk of "cook-off", which tin can sometimes occur in closed-bolt automated weapons.

Disassembly [edit]

The Thompson submachine gun varies in field strip procedure, depending on the variant. World War II-era M1 variants and RPB models field strip more than easily than the M1921.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The 1928 variant can exist disassembled hands past first detaching the stock, then sliding off the lower receiver and then simply removing the internal parts, cleaning them, and and so putting it back together. When opened upward, the Thompson features a pocket-size number of parts that need to be removed including the bound, bolt, Blish Lock, and actuator commodities.

Variants [edit]

Prototypes [edit]

Persuader and Annihilator [edit]

There were two main experimental models of the Thompson. The Persuader was a belt-fed version developed in 1917/eighteen. It was partially congenital, but never completely finished. The Annihilator, series no. Ver ten prototypes were similar in appearance to the later models, but without the rear sight and butt stock mounts. The Annihilator prototypes first were fed from a xx-round box magazine, but afterwards, the 50- and 100-circular drum mag models were adult.

Model 1919 [edit]

Starting with the Series no. 11, the Model 1919 takes the last appearance of the later Thompsons with the rear sights and butt stock. The Model 1919 was limited to about 40 units; the first built did not use the drums, every bit it was too hard to fire. Many variations take been noted within this model. The weapons had very high cyclic rates upward to ane,500 rpm.^[18] This was the weapon Brigadier General Thompson demonstrated at Camp Perry in 1920. A number of Model 1919s were fabricated without butt stocks, rear and front end sights, only the final version closely resembled the later Model 1921. This model was designed to "sweep" trenches with bullets. The New York City Police force Department was the largest purchaser of the M1919. Some experimental calibers aside from the standard .45 ACP (eleven.4x23mm) were the .22LR, .32 ACP, .38 ACP, and 9mm.^[27]

.351 WSL variant [edit]

Merely one paradigm was fabricated in .351 WSL using a standard twenty" barrel which had a ROF of 1000rpm.

Thompson .thirty Carbine [edit]

The layout and ergonomics of the Thompson submachine gun were also considered for the function of a Low-cal Rifle before the adoption of the M1 Carbine. An case known every bit the "Calibre .30 Short Burglarize" was based on the M1921/27 variants.^[57] However, information technology was turned downwards without testing due to logistical problems.^[58]

.xxx-06 variant [edit]

A .xxx–06 variant was intended every bit a rival to the M1918 BAR. It had an extended receiver with a recoil buffer and was fed from 20-round magazines.^[59]

Production [edit]

Model 1921 [edit]

The Model 1921 (M1921) was the first major production model. Fifteen k were produced past Colt for Motorcar-Ordnance. In its original blueprint, it was finished more like a sporting weapon, with an adaptable rear sight, a blued, finned barrel and vertical foregrip (or pistol grip) and the Blish lock. The M1921 was quite expensive to industry, with the original retail price around $200, because of its high-quality wood piece of furniture and finely machined parts. The M1921 was famous throughout its career with police and criminals and in move pictures. This model gained fame from its use by criminals during Prohibition, and was nicknamed "tommy gun" by the media.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Model 1923 [edit]

The Model 1923 was a heavy submachine gun introduced to potentially expand the Automobile-Ordnance product line and was demonstrated for the U.Southward. Ground forces. It fired the more than powerful .45 Remington–Thompson cartridge which fired a heavier 250 gr (0.57 oz; sixteen g) bullet at muzzle velocities of most i,450 ft/s (440 m/due south) and energy about 1,170 ft⋅lb (1,590 J), with greater range than the .45 ACP. It introduced a horizontal forearm, improved inline stock for accuracy, 14 in (36 cm) barrel, bipod, and bayonet lug. The M1923 was intended to rival the M1918 Browning Automatic Burglarize (BAR), with which the Army was already satisfied. The Regular army did not give the Model 1923 much consideration, so it was not adopted.

Model 1921AC (1926) [edit]

While not a new model in the usual sense of incorporating major changes, in 1926 the Cutts Compensator (a muzzle brake) was offered as an option for the M1921; Thompsons with the compensator were cataloged as No. 21AC at the original price of $200.00, with the plain M1921 designated No. 21A at a reduced price of $175.00.^[23] The Model 1921 was thereafter referred to as Model 1921A or Model 1921AC, though some collectors still refer to information technology equally the Model 1921.

Model 1928 [edit]

The Model 1928 was the first type widely used by armed services forces, with the U.S. Navy and U.South. Marine Corps as major buyers through the 1930s. The original Model 1928s were Model 1921s with weight added to the actuator, which slowed down the cyclic rate of fire, a United States Navy requirement. On these guns, the model number "1921" on the receiver was updated by stamping an "viii" over the concluding "i". The Navy Model 1928 has several names amongst collectors: the "Filly Overstamp", "1921 Overstamp", "28 Navy", or only "28N".

The 1928 Thompson would exist the last small arm adopted by the U.S. Regular army that used a year designation in the official nomenclature. With the start of World War II, major contracts from several countries saved the manufacturer from bankruptcy. A notable variant of the Model 1928 with an aluminum receiver and tenite grip, buttstock, and forend, was made past Barbarous.^[60]

M1928A1 [edit]

The M1928A1 variant entered mass production before the attack on Pearl Harbor, as on-manus stocks ran out. Changes included a horizontal forend, in place of the distinctive vertical foregrip ("pistol grip"), and a provision for a war machine sling. Despite new U.S. contracts for Lend-Lease shipments abroad to Mainland china, France, and the United Kingdom, as well equally the needs of American armed services, simply two factories supplied M1928A1 Thompsons during the early on years of World War II. Though it could use both the 50-round drum and the 20- or 30-round box magazines, active service favored the box magazines every bit the drums were more prone to jamming, rattled when moving, and were likewise heavy and bulky on long patrols. 562,511 were made. Wartime production variants had a fixed rear sight without the triangular sight baby-sit wings and a not-ribbed barrel, both similar those constitute on the M1/M1A1.

In improver, the Soviet Wedlock received M1928A1s, included every bit standard equipment with the M3 light tanks obtained through Lend-Lease. These submachine guns were used to a limited extent by the Red Ground forces.^[61]

Some M1928A1 Thompsons were used past the French before and during the Battle of France (1940) under the designation "Pistolet-mitrailleur eleven mm 43 (C.45) M. 28 A1."

An M1928A1 with an unusual inline stock, modified with elevated sights to increment accuracy, too was produced. Some Thompsons were congenital with a folding stock, similar to M1A1 Carbines used by Centrolineal tank crews, drivers and paratroopers and submarine raiders.^[62]

Service variants [edit]

Thompson Automobile Carbine (TMC) [edit]

In 1940, Commonwealth troops in Arab republic of egypt and N Africa were issued commercial model Lend-Lease Colt- and Savage-manufactured M1928s. Section leaders carried them instead of pistols or rifles. Many of the Colt models had French-language manuals packed with them as they had been abruptly diverted to England subsequently the fall of France. They before long discovered that the weapon was prone to jamming due to sand. To fix this, the armorers removed the Blish Lock and replaced it with a hex commodities to proceed the cocking handle and bolt together. The 20-round Type Twenty magazines had their peep-holes welded shut to keep sand out and the 50-round Blazon Fifty drums were discontinued. Armament was deficient as information technology was either in small-scale lots of Lend-Lease commercial ammo or obtained from side by side American troops. It was later replaced by the 9mm Sten gun and Lanchester SMG.

Models used in the Pacific by Australian troops had their sling swivels remounted on the left side to allow it to be fired more than easily while decumbent. A metal sling mount was fitted to the left side of the wooden buttstock. Ammunition was manufactured in Australia or obtained from adjacent American troops. Information technology was later replaced by the Owen Machine Carbine.

M1 [edit]

Fire Controls on an M1928A1 Thompson. Front lever is the selector switch, fix for total auto.

Responding to a request for further simplification, the M1 was standardized in April 1942 as the United States Submachine Gun, Cal. .45, M1. Rate of fire was reduced to approximately 600–700 rpm.

Start issued in 1943, the M1 uses a unproblematic blowback performance, with the charging handle moved to the side. The flip-up adjustable Lyman rear sight was replaced with a fixed L sight. Late M1s had triangular baby-sit wings added to the rear L sight, which were standardized on the M1A1. The slots adjoining the mag well assuasive the utilise of a drum mag were removed. A new magazine catch with the provision for retaining drum magazines removed, was produced, simply most M1s and after M1A1s retained the original. The less expensive and more-easily manufactured "stick" magazines were used exclusively in the M1, with a new thirty-round version joining the familiar 20-round blazon. The Cutts compensator, barrel cooling fins, and Blish lock were omitted while the buttstock was permanently affixed. Late production M1 stocks were fitted with reinforcing bolts and washers to preclude splitting of the stock where it attached to the receiver. The British had used improvised bolts or woods screws to reinforce M1928 stocks. The M1 reinforcing commodities and washer were carried over to the M1A1 and retrofitted to many of the M1928A1s in U.S. and British service. Late M1s as well had simplified fire control switches, also carried over to the M1A1. Certain M1s had bug with loftier rate of burn down climbing upwardly to ~800 RPM. The exact cause remains unknown, just was resolved with the transition to the M1A1.^[63]

M1A1 [edit]

Both sides of the Thompson M1A1 shown with xxx-round magazine

The M1A1, standardized in October 1942 every bit the United states of america Submachine Gun, Cal. .45, M1A1, could be produced in one-half the time of the M1928A1, and at a much lower cost. The master deviation between the M1 and M1A1 was the bolt. The M1 commodities had a floating firing pin and hammer, the bolt of the M1A1 had the firing pivot machined to the confront of the commodities, eliminating unnecessary parts. The reinforced stock and protective sight wings were standard. The xxx-round mag became more common. In 1939, Thompsons cost the regime $209 apiece. By the spring of 1942, cost-reduction design changes had brought this downwardly to $seventy. In Feb 1944, the M1A1 reached a low cost of $45 each, including accessories and spare parts, although the deviation in price between the M1 and M1A1 was only $0.06. By the finish of the war, the M1A1 was replaced with the fifty-fifty lower-cost M3 (ordinarily called the "Grease Gun").

Semi-automatic [edit]

Model 1927 [edit]

The Model 1927 was the open commodities semi-automatic version of the M1921. It was made by modifying an existing Model 1921, including replacing certain parts. The "Thompson Submachine Gun" inscription was machined over to replace it with "Thompson Semi-Automatic Carbine", and the "Model 1921" inscription was also machined over to supervene upon it with "Model 1927." Although the Model 1927 was semi-automatic but, it was hands converted to fully automatic past installing a full-auto Model 1921 fire command grouping (internal parts). Most Model 1927s owned by police have been converted dorsum to full-auto.^[64] The original Model 1927 is classified as a automobile gun under the National Firearms Act of 1934 (a) by being "readily convertible" by swapping parts and (b) past a 1982 BATF ruling making all open bolt semi-automated firearms manufactured after the date of this ruling classified equally machine guns.

Model 1927A1 [edit]

The Model 1927A1 is a semi-automatic replica version of the Thompson, originally produced past Auto-Ordnance of Due west Hurley, New York for the civilian collector's market place from 1974 to 1999. It has been produced since 1999 by Kahr Arms of Worcester, Massachusetts. It is officially known every bit the "Thompson Semi-Automated Carbine, Model of 1927A1." The internal design is completely different to operate from the closed commodities and the carbine has a barrel length of xvi.v in (420 mm) (versus open bolt performance and butt length of 10.5 in (270 mm) for the fully automatic versions). Under federal regulations, these changes make the Model 1927A1 legally a rifle and remove information technology from the federal registry requirements of the National Firearms Deed. These mod versions should not be confused with the original semi-automatic M1927, which was a slightly modified M1921 produced by Colt for Auto-Ordnance.

The Model 1927A1 is the semi-automatic replica of the Thompson Models of 1921 and 1927. The "Thompson Commando" is a semi-automated replica of the M1928A1. The Car-Ordnance replica of the Thompson M1 and M1A1 is known equally the TM1, and may be found marked "Thompson Semi-Automatic Carbine, Caliber .45M1".

Model 1927A3 [edit]

The Model 1927A3 is a semi-automatic, .22 caliber version of the Thompson produced by Auto-Ordnance in West Hurley.

Model 1927A5 [edit]

The Model 1927A5 is a semi-automatic, .45 ACP pistol version of the Thompson originally produced by Machine-Ordnance in Due west Hurley from the 1970s until the early on 1990s or late 1980s. It featured an aluminum receiver to reduce weight. It has since been replaced with the Kahr Arms TA5 Pistol, which features a 10.v" barrel and steel receiver, unlike the 1927A5's xiii" butt and aluminum receiver.

Every bit per the NFA (National Firearms Act of 1934), the "1927A5 .45 ACP Pistol" is just classified every bit a "Firearm" (Any blazon of firearm with an overall length of 26" or greater, that does not take a buttstock) as information technology neither fits the definition of a Pistol or Rifle under federal police. This categorization also legally allows it to have 1921 or 1928 style foregrip equipped, unlike other "pistol fashion" Thompson variants, without an AOW (Any Other Weapon) Taxation Stamp.

Auto-Ordnance 1927A5 DOJ BATFE Firearm Classification Letter

1928A1 LTD [edit]

The 1928A1 LTD is a civilian semi-automated conversion by Luxembourg Defence Technology (LuxDefTec) in Luxembourg. They are made from original 1928A1 guns of various appearance (with or without Cutt's compensator, ribbed or shine barrels, adaptable or stock-still sights), that were imported Lend-Charter guns from Russia.

Consign variants [edit]

BSA Thompsons [edit]

In an attempt to expand interest and sales overseas, Car-Ordnance entered into a partnership with and licensed the Birmingham Small Arms Company Express (BSA) in England to produce a European model. These were produced in pocket-sized quantities and have a different appearance than the classic style. The BSA 1926 was manufactured in 9mmP and 7.63mm Mauser and were tested by various governments, including France, in the mid-1920s. It was never adopted by any military force, and only a small number were produced.^[65]

RPB Thompsons [edit]

Special purpose variant [edit]

A special purpose machine pistol variant of the Thompson is manufactured by RPB Industries of Atlanta.^[66]

Suppressed variant [edit]

A version with a threaded barrel for suppressors, side folding stock, and modified sights.

Noncombatant buying [edit]

Canada [edit]

All variants and modified versions of Thompson submachine guns (even semiautomatic-only versions) are prohibited by proper name in Canada, as role of Prohibited Weapons Order No. 13 in 1995. Consequently, they cannot be legally imported or endemic except under very limited circumstances. For example, to own one the person must exist "grandfathered" and have owned 1 earlier the bill was passed confronting it. The submachine gun is non grandfathered like in the U.Southward., only the possessor. The submachine gun can only be sold to other grandfathered individuals; this keeps prices extremely low as the number of permitted licensed individuals is very pocket-sized and dwindling with fourth dimension. Somewhen, all prohibited guns will be out of apportionment.^{[67] : Part 1.86 [68]}

United states of america [edit]

The perceived popularity of submachine guns such equally the Thompson with violent gangsters in the 1920s and 1930s was 1 of the primary reasons given for passage of the National Firearms Human activity by the United States Congress in 1934. Ane of its provisions was that owners of fully automated firearms were required to register them with the predecessor agency of the modernistic Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). The law likewise placed restrictions on the possession, transfer, and transport of the weapons.

There are several U.S. made automatic and semi-automatic variants, copies, or replicas. The semi-automatic versions are less regulated by federal police.

United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland [edit]

The possession of whatsoever fully automated firearm is prohibited in the United kingdom by the Firearms Act 1968; prohibited firearms can be possessed on a department v certificate, simply these are not issued for sporting purposes. A fully automatic firearm that has been converted to semi-automated fire, such as the Model 1927, is prohibited by the Firearms Act 1988, every bit is any centre-fire purpose-made semi-automated weapon, such as the Model 1927A1. It is now effectively impossible for a firearm of this blazon to be legally possessed past a member of the general public, except in certified deactivated status or where specifically manufactured as a semi-automated in calibre .22LR.

Germany [edit]

The gun, in a regime approved semiautomatic conversion or clone, can legally be owned by hunters and sport shooters. With a design engagement prior to 1942 information technology is not considered a "weapon of war." Simply the fully automated version is a prohibited weapon. Every bit a long gun, it can be bought by hunters (even if it cannot be used to actually hunt for legal reasons). In that location are disciplines in regime approved sport shooting rulebooks that allow this blazon to be used, therefore the gun can be bought by sport shooters, besides.

Users [edit]

• Algeria^[69]
• Argentina: M1928 and M1 Thompson^[seventy]
• Bolivia^[71]
• Brazil: Used by the Brazilian forces from WWII^[72] until the mid-1980s.
• British Bharat: Widely used by the Indian Army in the Malayan Campaign,^[73] in the European theatre^[74] and Burma Campaigns
• Canada^[75]
• Cuba^[76]
• People's Republic of China: Unlicensed copies^{[77] [78]}
• Commonwealth of Prc^[4]
• Republic of croatia^[3]
• Egypt^[79]
• France:^[77] The M1928A1 was used as the Pistolet-mitrailleur 11 mm 43 (C.45) M. 28 A1.^[80] The M1A1 was too used.^[81]
• Hellenic republic: Used by Greek military, resistance fighters, Gendarmerie and police units during World War II and immediately postwar menstruum.^{[46] [82]}
• Guatemala^[83]
• Haiti^[84]
• Iraq: Iraqi insurgents^[11]
• Regal State of Iran: Used by the Imperial Iranian Guard Units, first saw action during the Iran crunch of 1946.^[85]
• Israel:^[45]
• Italy: Captured examples pressed into employ by the Italian Army prior to September 8, 1943.^[86] Also supplied to partisans and to the Italian Co-belligerent Ground forces.^[87] Later the war, it was more often than not issued to Italian Air Force troopers^[88] and the Carabinieri.^[89]
• Japan: Were used in some quantities by the Japanese Maritime Cocky-Defence Strength^{[90] [ unreliable source? ]}
• Jordan^[7]
• Kingdom of Laos: Limited received by U.S government and used during the Showtime Indochina War and Vietnam War.^[91]
• Grand duchy of luxembourg: M1A1 in service 1952–1967, replaced by Uzi.^[92]
• Malaysia^[eight]
• The Netherlands: In early World War II, at least 3,680 Thompsons acquired through Lend-Charter^[23]
• New Zealand: M1928 and M1928A1^[93]
• Nicaragua:^[94] The Nicaraguan National Baby-sit received M1928A1s and some were captured past Sandino'south rebels.^[95]
• North korea: Chinese-made Thompsons used by the Korean People's Army in the Korean War.^[96]
• North Vietnam: Unlicensed copies.^[77] Used by Viet Minh in the First Indochina War.^[v]
• Poland: Used past the Polish Armed Forces in the Westward during WWII^[97] and by resistance fighters during the Warsaw Uprising (from supply drops)
• Portugal: Pocket-size number bought for police use, designated thou/1928^[98]
• Somalia^[99]
• S Vietnam^[3]
• Soviet Union^[100]
• Sweden^[101]
• United Kingdom. First issued to the GHQ Liaison Unit ('Phantom') in February 1940, in advance of main War Office contracts.^[102]
• United States: Employed by the Us Marine Corps^[27] and by the United States Army 1938,^[103] including paratroops in Earth State of war II.
• Vietnam Used by Viet Cong during Vietnam War.^[104]
• Venezuela^[105]
• Yugoslavia^[10]

Not-state groups [edit]

• The Provisional IRA and Official IRA used the 1921 variant, mainly during the early on 1960s to 1970s.^{[106] [107]}
• The Angry Brigade^[108]
• Republic of azerbaijan People'due south Government^[85]
• Afghan Mujahideen^[109]

See also [edit]

• Listing of U.S. Army weapons by supply itemize designation SNL A-32

References [edit]

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• Hill, Tracie Fifty. (1996). Thompson: The American Legend. Collector Grade Publications.
• Colina, Tracie Fifty. (2009). The Ultimate Thompson Volume. Collector Grade Publications.
• Hogg, Ian Five. and Weeks, John. (1989). Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. DBI Books Inc.
• Huon, Jean. (1995). Les pistolets-mitrailleurs Thompson. Barnett Editions, besides Editions Crepin-LeBlond.
• Iannamico, Frank (2000). American Thunder: The Armed services Thompson Submachine Gun. Moose Lake Publishing.
• Iannamico, Frank. (2003). "The Colt Thompson Submachine Gun". The Shotgun News Treasury Outcome Volume 4. Primedia Publishing
• Iannamico, Frank. (2004). American Thunder II: The War machine Thompson Submachine Gun. Moose Lake Publishing.
• Iannamico, Frank. (2004). United states Submachine Guns. Moose Lake Publishing.
• Johnson, Melvin M. and Oasis, Charles J. (1941). Automatic Arms. William Morrow and Co.
• Linton, Peter. The Machinist'southward Guide to the Thompson Submachine Gun (2012) Gun Show Books Publishing ISBN 978-0-9787086-2-7
• Nelson, Thomas B. (1963). The Earth'southward Submachine Guns, Volume I. International Small Arms Publishers.
• Pegler, Martin (2010). The Thompson Submachine Gun: From Prohibition Chicago to World State of war Ii. Weapon i. Osprey Publishing. ISBN9781849081498.
• (in Portuguese) Olive, Ronaldo. (1996). Guia Internacional de Submetralhadoras. Editora Magnum Ltda.
• (in Greek) Sazanidis, Christos (1995). Τα όπλα των Ελλήνων [Arms of the Greeks] (in Greek). Thessaloniki (Hellenic republic): Maiandros. ISBN978-960-90213-0-2.
• Sharpe, Philip B. "The Thompson Sub-Machine Gun (in Constabulary Science)" Journal of Criminal Police force and Criminology (1931–1951), Vol. 23, No. 6. (Mar. - Apr., 1933), pp. 1098–1114.
• Smith, Charles H. A brief story of Auto-Ordnance Company.
• Smith, Joseph E. (1969). Small Arms of the World (11 ed.). Harrisburg, PA: The Stackpole Company. ISBN9780811715669.
• "Sturmgewehr!" by R. Blake Stevens Collector Grade Publications (2004). Thompsons(!) in Weimar Frg ISBN 0889353565, 9780889353565
• Weeks, John. (1980). World War II Small Arms. Galahad Books.
• Wilson, R.Chiliad. (1943). Textbook of Automated Pistols. Small Artillery Technical Publishing Visitor.
• Yenne, Bill (2009). Tommy Gun: How General Thompson's Submachine Gun Wrote History . New York: St. Martin'due south Press. ISBN978-0-312-38326-8. (340 pages; contains black-and-white photographs and illustrations).

External links [edit]

• Auto Ordnance
• The Official Thompson Collectors Clan Page
• "Thompson Submachine Gun: Principles of Operation 1943" on YouTube

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